Kaniko: Part 1

Published: Jun 28, 2022 by Isaac Johnson

Kaniko is an Open Source Kubernetes based build tool that came out of Google Container Tools. It’s under the Apache 2.0 license and is up to release v.1.8.1 as of this writing (the oldest being 0.1.0 which shows this project started prior to May 2018).

While it’s not the first build-a-container-in-a-container tool, it is the first of which I’ve seen that does not rely on the Docker-in-Docker method which often leverages a behind-the-scenes Docker daemon. Instead, the executor extracts the file system from the base image the executes the commands and lastly snapshots in userspace.

Today we’ll walk through a helloworld tutorial while at the same time we’ll setup ArgoCD and properly supported Fuse based NFS storage classes in our new cluster. I’ll also take a moment to setup Sonarqube that can be used with our DockerWithTests repo

Setup

First, we need to create a volume claim. We’ll be using the example files in the GCT repo here. However, I’ll be using NFS instead of local-storage. If you wish to use local-storage, you can also create the volume via yaml

$ cat volume-claim.yaml
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: dockerfile-claim
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 8Gi
  storageClassName: nfs


$ kubectl apply -f volume-claim.yaml
persistentvolumeclaim/dockerfile-claim created

$ kubectl get pvc dockerfile-claim
NAME               STATUS   VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
dockerfile-claim   Bound    pvc-c77ccf96-5aea-4e3f-bde3-0ecdde265ac9   8Gi        RWO            nfs            2m19s

I wanted to test the files, so I created a pod to use a PVC

$ cat volume-claim.yaml
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: dockerfile2-claim
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 8Gi
  storageClassName: nfs
  volumeMode: Filesystem

  
$ kubectl apply -f volume-claim.yaml
persistentvolumeclaim/dockerfile2-claim created

$ cat pod-test.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kaniko-tgest
spec:
  containers:
  - name: ubuntu
    image: ubuntu:latest
    command:
      - "sleep"
      - "604800"
    volumeMounts:
      - name: dockerfile-storage
        mountPath: /workspace
  restartPolicy: Never
  volumes:
    - name: dockerfile-storage
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: dockerfile2-claim

$ kubectl apply -f pod-test.yaml
pod/kaniko-tgest created

$ kubectl exec -it kaniko-tgest -- /bin/bash
root@kaniko-tgest:/# ls /workspace
root@kaniko-tgest:/# cd /workspace
root@kaniko-tgest:/workspace# touch testing-kaniko

Interestingly my NFS provisioner really was using local-path. So as a result, the file showed up on a path on the master node

builder@anna-MacBookAir:~$ sudo ls /var/lib/rancher/k3s/storage/pvc-ce1165bd-4c45-4ee3-a641-2438e50c1139_default_data-nfs-server-provisioner-1655037797-0/pvc-31a6f985-a4c7-41f6-8cd1-8a86f0c9f15a
testing-kaniko

Fixing NFS

First, I want to ensure NFS works on the cluster nodes. To do so, I’ll run a test locally with an existing share

builder@anna-MacBookAir:~$ sudo mount -t nfs 192.168.1.129:/volume1/k3snfs /tmp/nfscheck/
builder@anna-MacBookAir:~$ ls /tmp/nfscheck/
 default-beospvc6-pvc-099fe2f3-2d63-4df5-ba65-4c7f3eba099e                            default-redis-data-bitnami-harbor-redis-master-0-pvc-73a7e833-90fb-41ab-b42c-7a1e7fd5aad3
 default-beospvc-pvc-f36c2986-ab0b-4978-adb6-710d4698e170                             default-redis-data-redis-master-0-pvc-bdf57f20-661c-4982-aebd-a1bb30b44830
 default-data-redis-ha-1605552203-server-0-pvc-35be9319-4b0b-429e-82f6-6fbf3afab721   default-redis-data-redis-slave-0-pvc-651cdaa3-d321-45a3-adf3-62224c341fba
 default-data-redis-ha-1605552203-server-1-pvc-17c79f00-ac73-454f-a664-e02de9158bd5   default-redis-data-redis-slave-1-pvc-3c569803-3275-443d-9b65-be028ce4481f
 default-data-redis-ha-1605552203-server-2-pvc-728cf90d-b725-44b9-8a2d-73ddae84abfa   k3s-backup-master-20211206.tgz
 default-fedorawsiso-pvc-cad0ce95-9af3-4cb4-959d-d8b944de47ce                        '#recycle'
 default-mongo-release-mongodb-pvc-ecb4cc4f-153e-4eff-a5e7-5972b48e6f37               test

Create a Share

Next, I’ll create a new share on my Synology NAS.

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-01.png

We can enable NFS sharing next

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-02.png

When done, we see the share in the list of shares on the NAS

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-03.png

Now I’ll add the pre-reqs for NFS (via FUSE)

$ cat k3s-prenfs.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: nfs-client-provisioner
  # replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
  namespace: default
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: nfs-client-provisioner-runner
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["persistentvolumes"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "delete"]
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["persistentvolumeclaims"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "update"]
  - apiGroups: ["storage.k8s.io"]
    resources: ["storageclasses"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["events"]
    verbs: ["create", "update", "patch"]
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: run-nfs-client-provisioner
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: nfs-client-provisioner
    # replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
    namespace: default
roleRef:
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: nfs-client-provisioner-runner
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
  # replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
  namespace: default
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["endpoints"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch"]
---
kind: RoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
  # replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
  namespace: default
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: nfs-client-provisioner
    # replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
    namespace: default
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
  name: managed-nfs-storage
provisioner: fuseim.pri/ifs # or choose another name, must match deployment's env PROVISIONER_NAME'
parameters:
  archiveOnDelete: "false"
  allowVolumeExpansion: "true"
  reclaimPolicy: "Delete"
allowVolumeExpansion: true

$ kubectl apply -f k3s-prenfs.yaml
serviceaccount/nfs-client-provisioner created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/nfs-client-provisioner-runner created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/run-nfs-client-provisioner created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner created
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/managed-nfs-storage created

Then we can launch it

$ cat k3s-nfs.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nfs-client-provisioner
  labels:
    app: nfs-client-provisioner
  # replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
  namespace: default
spec:
  replicas: 1
  strategy:
    type: Recreate
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nfs-client-provisioner
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nfs-client-provisioner
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: nfs-client-provisioner
      containers:
        - name: nfs-client-provisioner
          image: gcr.io/k8s-staging-sig-storage/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner:v4.0.0
          volumeMounts:
            - name: nfs-client-root
              mountPath: /persistentvolumes
          env:
            - name: PROVISIONER_NAME
              value: fuseim.pri/ifs
            - name: NFS_SERVER
              value: 192.168.1.129
            - name: NFS_PATH
              value: /volume1/k3snfs3
      volumes:
        - name: nfs-client-root
          nfs:
            server: 192.168.1.129
            path: /volume1/k3snfs3

$ kubectl apply -f k3s-nfs.yaml
deployment.apps/nfs-client-provisioner created

Note: I used to use quay.io/external_storage/nfs-client-provisioner:latest but now because selfLink was depricated in 1.20 and beyond, we need to use the image gcr.io/k8s-staging-sig-storage/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner:v4.0.0

When done, we can see the Storage Classes and note that is now listed

$ kubectl get sc
NAME                   PROVISIONER                                       RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE      ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
nfs (default)          cluster.local/nfs-server-provisioner-1655037797   Delete          Immediate              true                   14d
local-path (default)   rancher.io/local-path                             Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  21d
managed-nfs-storage    fuseim.pri/ifs                                    Delete          Immediate              true                   119s

The defaults are a bit out of whack so some simple patches will sort that out

$ kubectl patch storageclass local-path -p '{"metadata":{"annotations":{"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class":"false"}}}' && kubectl patch storageclass nfs -p '{"metadata":{"annotations":{"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class":"false"}}}' && kubectl patch storageclass managed-nfs-storage -p '{"metadata":{"annotations":{"storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class":"true"}}}'
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/local-path patched
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/nfs patched
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/managed-nfs-storage patched

$ kubectl get sc
NAME                            PROVISIONER                                       RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE      ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
local-path                      rancher.io/local-path                             Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  21d
nfs                             cluster.local/nfs-server-provisioner-1655037797   Delete          Immediate              true                   14d
managed-nfs-storage (default)   fuseim.pri/ifs                                    Delete          Immediate              true                   9m6s

Before moving on to using the proper NFS shares, I’m going to delete the last tests

$ kubectl delete -f pod-test.yaml
pod "kaniko-tgest" deleted

$ kubectl delete -f volume-claim.yaml
persistentvolumeclaim "dockerfile2-claim" deleted

Now we can create a Volume Claim to use the new provisioner

$ cat volume-claim.yaml
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: dockerfile3-claim
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 8Gi
  storageClassName: managed-nfs-storage
  volumeMode: Filesystem

$ kubectl apply -f volume-claim.yaml
persistentvolumeclaim/dockerfile3-claim created

Let’s fire a pod to use it

$ cat pod-test.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kaniko-tgest
spec:
  containers:
  - name: ubuntu
    image: ubuntu:latest
    command:
      - "sleep"
      - "604800"
    volumeMounts:
      - name: dockerfile-storage
        mountPath: /workspace
  restartPolicy: Never
  volumes:
    - name: dockerfile-storage
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: dockerfile3-claim

$ kubectl apply -f pod-test.yaml
pod/kaniko-tgest created

And then test it

$ kubectl exec -it kaniko-tgest -- /bin/bash
root@kaniko-tgest:/# cd /workspace/
root@kaniko-tgest:/workspace# touch kaniko-test
root@kaniko-tgest:/workspace# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jun 27 01:48 kaniko-test
root@kaniko-tgest:/workspace# exit
exit

We can see it created a file

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-04.png

Kaniko

Let’s first create the PVC for Kaniko. In their writeup, they suggested making a volume, then a claim. However, with NFS as our provisioner, we will automatically get a volume created when seeking a PVC

$ cat volume-claim.yaml
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: dockerfile-claim
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 8Gi
  storageClassName: managed-nfs-storage
  volumeMode: Filesystem

Now create the claim

$ kubectl apply -f volume-claim.yaml
persistentvolumeclaim/dockerfile-claim created

$ kubectl get pvc | grep docker
dockerfile3-claim                             Bound    pvc-d88468d3-eb74-442d-b836-7be19c9ff9f2   8Gi        RWO            managed-nfs-storage   14m
dockerfile-claim                              Bound    pvc-848781c6-8a0f-44ee-89f5-beebc4bf55b5   8Gi        RWO            managed-nfs-storage   14s

I’ll follow that by creating a dockerfile in the PVC. For fun, I’ll do this via windows accessing the NFS directly

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-05.png

I’ll use my Harbor registry cred already set to use my private Harbor CR. If you want to use dockerhub, you can create the secret using kubectl create secret docker-registry regcred --docker-server=<your-registry-server> --docker-username=<your-name> --docker-password=<your-pword> --docker-email=<your-email>

First update the Kaniko pod

$ git diff pod.yaml
diff --git a/examples/pod.yaml b/examples/pod.yaml
index 27f40a4b..92952d50 100644
--- a/examples/pod.yaml
+++ b/examples/pod.yaml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ spec:
     image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest
     args: ["--dockerfile=/workspace/dockerfile",
             "--context=dir://workspace",
-            "--destination=<user-name>/<repo>"] # replace with your dockerhub account
+            "--destination=rbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate"] # replace with your dockerhub account
     volumeMounts:
       - name: kaniko-secret
         mountPath: /kaniko/.docker
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ spec:
   volumes:
     - name: kaniko-secret
       secret:
-        secretName: regcred
+        secretName: myharborreg
         items:
           - key: .dockerconfigjson
             path: config.json

Then apply the pod

$ cat pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kaniko
spec:
  containers:
  - name: kaniko
    image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest
    args: ["--dockerfile=/workspace/dockerfile",
            "--context=dir://workspace",
            "--destination=harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest"] # replace with your dockerhub account
    volumeMounts:
      - name: kaniko-secret
        mountPath: /kaniko/.docker
      - name: dockerfile-storage
        mountPath: /workspace
  restartPolicy: Never
  volumes:
    - name: kaniko-secret
      secret:
        secretName: myharborreg
        items:
          - key: .dockerconfigjson
            path: config.json
    - name: dockerfile-storage
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: dockerfile-claim
$ kubectl apply -f pod.yaml
pod/kaniko created

I realized the harborreg I was using only had “Image Pull” privs when checking the kaniko logs

$ kubectl logs kaniko
error checking push permissions -- make sure you entered the correct tag name, and that you are authenticated correctly, and try again: checking push permission for "harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest": POST https://harbor.freshbrewed.science/v2/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest/blobs/uploads/: UNAUTHORIZED: unauthorized to access repository: freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest, action: push: unauthorized to access repository: freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest, action: push

I’ll go ahead and create a new user “kaniko”

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-06.png

Create a Kaniko registry cred

$ kubectl create secret docker-registry kanikoharborcred --docker-server=harbor.freshbrewed.science --docker-username=kaniko --docker-pas
sword=************--docker-email=kaniko@freshbrewed.science
secret/kanikoharborcred created

Then we can use it

$ cat pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kaniko
spec:
  containers:
  - name: kaniko
    image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest
    args: ["--dockerfile=/workspace/dockerfile",
            "--context=dir://workspace",
            "--destination=harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest"] # replace with your dockerhub account
    volumeMounts:
      - name: kaniko-secret
        mountPath: /kaniko/.docker
      - name: dockerfile-storage
        mountPath: /workspace
  restartPolicy: Never
  volumes:
    - name: kaniko-secret
      secret:
        secretName: kanikoharborcred
        items:
          - key: .dockerconfigjson
            path: config.json
    - name: dockerfile-storage
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: dockerfile-claim

$ kubectl delete -f pod.yaml
pod "kaniko" deleted

$ kubectl apply -f pod.yaml
pod/kaniko created

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-07.png

We can see the repository in Harbor was created

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-08.png

You can pull the image to test

kubectl logs kaniko
INFO[0000] Retrieving image manifest ubuntu
INFO[0000] Retrieving image ubuntu from registry index.docker.io
INFO[0001] Built cross stage deps: map[]
INFO[0001] Retrieving image manifest ubuntu
INFO[0001] Returning cached image manifest
INFO[0001] Executing 0 build triggers
INFO[0001] Skipping unpacking as no commands require it.
INFO[0001] ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/bash", "-c", "echo fresh brewed fun"]
INFO[0001] Pushing image to harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest
INFO[0005] Pushed harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest@sha256:609e7c1c6b10b0e8b0c4913b469597474764684145bc48bf163e0782f7d6749a

$ docker pull harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest
405f018f9d1d: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:609e7c1c6b10b0e8b0c4913b469597474764684145bc48bf163e0782f7d6749a
Status: Downloaded newer image for harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest:latest
harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest:latest

$ docker run -it harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/kanikotest:latest
fresh brewed fun

Using Kaniko

First, I need Argo CD to show how this could work.

Before I go further, I’ll add self-hosted Argo CD back into the mix. We could use https://www.koncrete.dev/ to do this, which you can skip this whole Argo CD install section if you want to use the free Koncrete.dev hosted option. In my case, I just want to add a working current (as of 5d ago) ArgoCD installation.

Setting up Argo CD

I’ll follow a similar path as I did with the Argo CD : Part 1 write up (albeit with newer versions)

builder@DESKTOP-QADGF36:~/Workspaces/argotest$ cat charts/argo-cd/Chart.yaml
apiVersion: v2
name: argo-cd
version: 1.0.1
dependencies:
  - name: argo-cd
    version: 4.9.7
    repository: https://argoproj.github.io/argo-helm

$ cat charts/argo-cd/values.yaml
argo-cd:
  installCRDs: false
  global:
    image:
      tag: v2.4.2
  dex:
    enabled: false
  server:
    extraArgs:
      - --insecure
    config:
      repositories: |
        - type: helm
          name: stable
          url: https://charts.helm.sh/stable
        - type: helm
          name: argo-cd
          url: https://argoproj.github.io/argo-helm

$ helm dep update charts/argo-cd/
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "azure-samples" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "epsagon" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "kuma" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "dapr" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "nginx-stable" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "actions-runner-controller" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "sonarqube" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "uptime-kuma" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "kubecost" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "sumologic" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "datadog" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "myharbor" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "argo-cd" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "harbor" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "incubator" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "crossplane-stable" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "rancher-latest" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "newrelic" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "gitlab" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "bitnami" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
Saving 1 charts
Downloading argo-cd from repo https://argoproj.github.io/argo-helm
Deleting outdated charts

Then install

$ helm upgrade --install argo-cd charts/argo-cd/
Release "argo-cd" does not exist. Installing it now.
NAME: argo-cd
LAST DEPLOYED: Mon Jun 27 05:58:58 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None

We check the pod and get the default login credential

$ kubectl get pods -l app.kubernetes.io/name=argocd-server -o name -o json | jq -r '.items[] | .metadata.name'
argo-cd-argocd-server-7fff4b76b7-w5pmw

$ kubectl get secrets argocd-secret -o json | jq -r '.data."admin.password"' | base64 --decode && echo
$2a$10$Qo4TCjNtQzzoNM7pD.hd0OiUo4Ug.jlzen/YkKuDk2I9nbHUKVi52

This is useless as it’s bcrypted. So as before, I’ll create a fresh password with this page then use it to patch the secret and rotate the pod

$ kubectl patch secret argocd-secret -p '{"stringData": { "admin.passwordMtime": "'$(date +%FT%T%Z)'", "admin.password": "$2a$10$ifBzX9dla.eu2SNwHd/U8OGCE56H.3iSk/3wvjNdzcdOnC/nNT.7O"}}'
secret/argocd-secret patched

$ kubectl delete pod `kubectl get pods -l app.kubernetes.io/name=argocd-server -o name | cut -d'/' -f 2 | tr -d '\n'`
pod "argo-cd-argocd-server-7fff4b76b7-w5pmw" deleted

Now we can port-forward and login with “admin” and our password

$ kubectl port-forward svc/argo-cd-argocd-server 8080:443
Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:8080 -> 8080
Forwarding from [::1]:8080 -> 8080

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-09.png

Clearly I’ll want a proper ingress. My new ingress requires a classname so we’ll update the Ingress.yaml from before

$ cat argo-ingress2.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
    kubernetes.io/tls-acme: "true"
    ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-body-size: "0"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-body-size: "0"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-buffer-size: 32k
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-buffers-number: 8 32k
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-read-timeout: "43200"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-send-timeout: "43200"
  name: argocd-ingress
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  rules:
  - host: argocd.freshbrewed.science
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          service:
            name: argo-cd-argocd-server
            port:
              number: 80
        path: /
        pathType: ImplementationSpecific
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - argocd.freshbrewed.science
    secretName: argocd-tls

$ kubectl apply -f argo-ingress2.yaml
ingress.networking.k8s.io/argocd-ingress created

We’ll watch for the cert to get applied

$ kubectl get cert
NAME                              READY   SECRET                            AGE
azurevote-tls                     True    azurevote-tls                     15d
harbor-fb-science                 True    harbor.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
notary-fb-science                 True    notary.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
harbor.freshbrewed.science-cert   True    harbor.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
notary.freshbrewed.science-cert   True    notary.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
argocd-tls                        False   argocd-tls                        68s

$ kubectl get cert
NAME                              READY   SECRET                            AGE
azurevote-tls                     True    azurevote-tls                     15d
harbor-fb-science                 True    harbor.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
notary-fb-science                 True    notary.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
harbor.freshbrewed.science-cert   True    harbor.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
notary.freshbrewed.science-cert   True    notary.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
argocd-tls                        True    argocd-tls                        116s

Then the ingress

$ kubectl get ingress
NAME                             CLASS   HOSTS                           ADDRESS         PORTS     AGE
azurevote-ingress                nginx   azurevote.freshbrewed.science   192.168.1.159   80, 443   15d
harbor-registry-ingress          nginx   harbor.freshbrewed.science      192.168.1.159   80, 443   14d
harbor-registry-ingress-notary   nginx   notary.freshbrewed.science      192.168.1.159   80, 443   14d
argocd-ingress                   nginx   argocd.freshbrewed.science      192.168.1.159   80, 443   2m21s

And now we have ArgoCD running again

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-10.png

Sonarqube

One more item of housekeeping, I’ll need to add Sonarqube back

$ helm repo add sonarqube https://SonarSource.github.io/helm-chart-sonarqube
"sonarqube" already exists with the same configuration, skipping

$ helm repo update
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "azure-samples" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "epsagon" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "kuma" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "dapr" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "sonarqube" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "uptime-kuma" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "actions-runner-controller" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "myharbor" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "sumologic" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "datadog" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "kubecost" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "argo-cd" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "harbor" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "crossplane-stable" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "nginx-stable" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "rancher-latest" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "incubator" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "gitlab" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "newrelic" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "bitnami" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈

$ helm upgrade --install sonarqube sonarqube/sonarqube
Release "sonarqube" does not exist. Installing it now.
NAME: sonarqube
LAST DEPLOYED: Mon Jun 27 06:56:32 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
1. Get the application URL by running these commands:
  export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace default -l "app=sonarqube,release=sonarqube" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
  echo "Visit http://127.0.0.1:8080 to use your application"
  kubectl port-forward $POD_NAME 8080:9000 -n default

and

$ cat sonarqubeIngress.yml 
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/tls-acme: "true"
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
    ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-body-size: "0"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-body-size: "0"
  name: sonarqube-ingress
  namespace: default
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - sonarqube.freshbrewed.science
    secretName: sonarqube-tls
  rules:
  - host: sonarqube.freshbrewed.science
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          service:
            name: sonarqube-sonarqube
            port:
              number: 9000
        path: /
        pathType: ImplementationSpecific

We’ll check the cert is created

$ kubectl get cert
NAME                              READY   SECRET                            AGE
azurevote-tls                     True    azurevote-tls                     15d
harbor-fb-science                 True    harbor.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
notary-fb-science                 True    notary.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
harbor.freshbrewed.science-cert   True    harbor.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
notary.freshbrewed.science-cert   True    notary.freshbrewed.science-cert   14d
argocd-tls                        True    argocd-tls                        50m
sonarqube-tls                     True    sonarqube-tls                     108s

and the ingress as well

$ kubectl get ingress sonarqube-ingress
NAME                CLASS   HOSTS                           ADDRESS         PORTS     AGE
sonarqube-ingress   nginx   sonarqube.freshbrewed.science   192.168.1.159   80, 443   2m16s

We need to login and change the password as by default, the login/pass is both “admin”

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-11.png

and it prompts a password change

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-12.png

Because I plan to update the Dockerwithtests to publish results during my Kaniko builds, I’ll geta new token.

The old invokation (and expired token) looked as such in the Dockerfile

+RUN apt update && apt install -y jq
+RUN curl --silent -u 93846bed357b0cad92e6550dbb40203601451103: https://sonarqube.freshbrewed.science/api/project_analyses/search?project=dkrwtsts | jq -r '.analyses[].events[] | select(.category=="QUALITY_GATE") | .name' > results
+RUN grep -q "Passed" output; exit $?

I’ll create the project in Sonarqube

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-13.png

To create a token, I’ll choose “Other CI”

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-14.png

Then “Generate” to create the token

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-15.png

This creates the upload token “sqp_72d6f8cbe95fd000004d2d7465625f587cd39558”

I’ll add this to my Dockerfile:

$ cat Dockerfile
FROM node:17.6.0 as base

WORKDIR /code

COPY package.json package.json
COPY package-lock.json package-lock.json

FROM base as test
RUN curl -s -L https://binaries.sonarsource.com/Distribution/sonar-scanner-cli/sonar-scanner-cli-4.7.0.2747-linux.zip -o sonarscanner.zip \
  && unzip -qq sonarscanner.zip \
  && rm -rf sonarscanner.zip \
  && mv sonar-scanner-4.7.0.2747-linux sonar-scanner
COPY sonar-scanner.properties sonar-scanner/conf/sonar-scanner.properties
ENV SONAR_RUNNER_HOME=sonar-scanner
ENV PATH $PATH:sonar-scanner/bin
# RUN sed -i 's/use_embedded_jre=true/use_embedded_jre=false/g' sonar-scanner/bin/sonar-scanner

RUN npm ci
COPY . .
COPY .git .git
RUN npm run test2

RUN sonar-scanner -Dsonar.settings=sonar-scanner/conf/sonar-scanner.properties

RUN apt update && apt install -y jq
RUN curl --silent -u sqp_72d6f8cbe95fd000004d2d7465625f587cd39558: https://sonarqube.freshbrewed.science/api/project_analyses/search?project=dkrwtsts | jq -r '.analyses[].events[] | select(.category=="QUALITY_GATE") | .name' > results
RUN grep -q "Passed" output; exit $?


FROM base as prod
ENV NODE_ENV=production
RUN npm ci --production
COPY . .
CMD [ "node", "server.js" ]

Since this is for learning code, I’m leaving the project Public. In a real-world scenario, you likely would want to keep your Sonar project private (as it fundamentally exposes code in analysis)

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-16.png

I’ll push the current changes to the sonarscans branch

$ git status
On branch sonarscans
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/sonarscans' by 1 commit.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        modified:   Dockerfile
        new file:   calculator.js
        new file:   index.js
        modified:   package-lock.json
        modified:   package.json
        new file:   tests/calc.js

$ git commit -m "Working Copy"
[sonarscans 7b6a4b1] Working Copy
 6 files changed, 3020 insertions(+), 94 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 calculator.js
 create mode 100644 index.js
 create mode 100644 tests/calc.js

$ git push
Enumerating objects: 22, done.
Counting objects: 100% (22/22), done.
Delta compression using up to 16 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (15/15), done.
Writing objects: 100% (15/15), 65.62 KiB | 10.94 MiB/s, done.
Total 15 (delta 5), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (5/5), completed with 3 local objects.
To https://github.com/idjohnson/dockerWithTests2.git
   d79ce4e..7b6a4b1  sonarscans -> sonarscans

Which is exposed in github here

I might add that leaving in your Sonartoken makes Github mad. You’ll likely get an alert from GitGuardian

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-17.png

To use Kaniko, first with a Hello World example, we can set the Dockerfile into a Configmap and mount it as a volume (as opposed to a PVC)

This makes the k8s/deployment.yaml

kind: Namespace
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: test
  labels:
    name: test
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: docker-test-cm
data:
  Dockerfile: |
      FROM ubuntu:latest
      CMD [ "sleep", "64000" ]  
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kaniko
spec:
  containers:
  - name: kaniko
    image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest
    args: ["--dockerfile=/workspace/dockerfile",
            "--context=dir://workspace",
            "--destination=harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests"]
    volumeMounts:
      - name: kaniko-secret
        mountPath: /kaniko/.docker
      - name: dockerfile-storage
        mountPath: /workspace
  restartPolicy: Never
  volumes:
    - name: kaniko-secret
      secret:
        secretName: kanikoharborcred
        items:
          - key: .dockerconfigjson
            path: config.json
    - name: dockerfile-storage
      configMap:
         name: docker-test-cm
---   
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: my-nginx
  namespace: test
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: my-nginx
  replicas: 3
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: my-nginx
    spec:
      imagePullSecrets:
      - name: regcred
      containers:
      - name: my-nginx
        image: nginx
        imagePullPolicy: Always
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8000
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-run-svc
  namespace: test
spec:
  type: LoadBalancer
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 8000
    protocol: TCP
    name: http
  selector:
    run: my-nginx

and the k8s/kustomization.yaml

resources:
- deployment.yaml
images:
- name: nginx
  newName: harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests
  newTag: latest

Which we can see here

I’ll add the app to ArgoCD

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-18.png

And immediatly see things start to get created

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-19.png

I’ll have to solve some registry creds

$ kubectl get secret kanikoharborcred -o yaml > kanikoharborcred.yaml && sed -i 's/namespace: default/namespace: test/g' kanikoharborcred.yaml && kubectl apply -f kanikoharborcred.yaml
secret/kanikoharborcred created

which will unblock the Kaniko pod

$ kubectl describe pod kaniko -n test | tail -n 10
Events:
  Type     Reason       Age                    From               Message
  ----     ------       ----                   ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled    4m34s                  default-scheduler  Successfully assigned test/kaniko to builder-macbookpro2
  Warning  FailedMount  2m32s                  kubelet            Unable to attach or mount volumes: unmounted volumes=[kaniko-secret], unattached volumes=[dockerfile-storage kube-api-access-v7dx5 kaniko-secret]: timed out waiting for the condition
  Warning  FailedMount  2m27s (x9 over 4m35s)  kubelet            MountVolume.SetUp failed for volume "kaniko-secret" : secret "kanikoharborcred" not found
  Normal   Pulling      24s                    kubelet            Pulling image "gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest"
  Normal   Pulled       14s                    kubelet            Successfully pulled image "gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest" in 10.478949347s
  Normal   Created      13s                    kubelet            Created container kaniko
  Normal   Started      13s                    kubelet            Started container kaniko

I can then see that it created and pushed the container

builder@DESKTOP-QADGF36:~/Workspaces$ kubectl logs kaniko -n test
INFO[0000] Retrieving image manifest ubuntu:latest
INFO[0000] Retrieving image ubuntu:latest from registry index.docker.io
INFO[0001] Built cross stage deps: map[]
INFO[0001] Retrieving image manifest ubuntu:latest
INFO[0001] Returning cached image manifest
INFO[0001] Executing 0 build triggers
INFO[0001] Skipping unpacking as no commands require it.
INFO[0001] CMD [ "sleep", "64000" ]
INFO[0001] Pushing image to harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests

I’ll then quickly add the regcred for harbor in the test namespace to solve the errors in the pull

$ kubectl describe pod my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-fsvpp -n test | tail -n 9
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                     From               Message
  ----     ------     ----                    ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  8m59s                   default-scheduler  Successfully assigned test/my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-fsvpp to builder-macbookpro2
  Normal   Pulling    7m26s (x4 over 8m59s)   kubelet            Pulling image "harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests:latest"
  Warning  Failed     7m26s (x4 over 8m59s)   kubelet            Failed to pull image "harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests:latest": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = failed to pull and unpack image "harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests:latest": failed to resolve reference "harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests:latest": pulling from host harbor.freshbrewed.science failed with status code [manifests latest]: 401 Unauthorized
  Warning  Failed     7m26s (x4 over 8m59s)   kubelet            Error: ErrImagePull
  Warning  Failed     7m15s (x6 over 8m58s)   kubelet            Error: ImagePullBackOff
  Normal   BackOff    3m46s (x21 over 8m58s)  kubelet            Back-off pulling image "harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests:latest"

A quick fix

$ kubectl get secrets myharborreg -o yaml > myharborreg.yaml && sed -i 's/name: myharborreg/name: regcred/' myharborreg.yaml && sed -i 's/namespace: default/namespace: test/' myharborreg.yaml && kubectl apply -f myharborreg.yaml
secret/regcred created

And we can see the default Ubuntu container now running in the test namespace:

$ kubectl get pods -n test
NAME                        READY   STATUS         RESTARTS   AGE
my-nginx-6bc96cdf9-4l96f    1/1     Running        0          18d
my-nginx-6bc96cdf9-ttscc    1/1     Running        0          18d
my-nginx-6bc96cdf9-h7bwt    1/1     Running        0          18d
svclb-nginx-run-svc-jxnx9   0/1     Pending        0          9d
svclb-nginx-run-svc-29jcs   0/1     Pending        0          9d
svclb-nginx-run-svc-mfjpm   0/1     Pending        0          9d
kaniko                      0/1     Completed      0          3m29s
my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-fsvpp   0/1     ErrImagePull   0          11m

$ kubectl delete pod my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-fsvpp -n test
pod "my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-fsvpp" deleted

$ kubectl get pods -n test
NAME                        READY   STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
my-nginx-6bc96cdf9-4l96f    1/1     Running             0          18d
my-nginx-6bc96cdf9-h7bwt    1/1     Running             0          18d
svclb-nginx-run-svc-jxnx9   0/1     Pending             0          9d
svclb-nginx-run-svc-29jcs   0/1     Pending             0          9d
svclb-nginx-run-svc-mfjpm   0/1     Pending             0          9d
kaniko                      0/1     Completed           0          3m45s
my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-tjkb2   1/1     Running             0          7s
my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-gnhbm   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          1s
my-nginx-6bc96cdf9-ttscc    0/1     Terminating         0          18d

We can verify with logs and interactive login

$ kubectl logs my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-tjkb2 -n test
$ kubectl exec -it my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-tjkb2 -n test -- /bin/bash
root@my-nginx-59d9fd58bb-tjkb2:/# cat /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=22.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=jammy
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 22.04 LTS"

This can get complicated using Kaniko. The fact that it uses a mapped volume that must be pre-populated.

I could use the kustomization for a CM generator. In fact I did in order to create the cm.yaml. However, it seemed to stop the ArgoCD deploy at this step.

 configMapGenerator:
   - name: primary-file-vol
     files:
       - Dockerfile
       - package.json
       - server.js
 generatorOptions:
   disableNameSuffixHash: true

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-20.png

I realized soon after that the formating of the kustomization indicates all the files in a deployment. I didn’t see many working examples of multiple Kustomizations.

Here, for instance, I create two ConfigMaps populated with local files as well as modify image references to Nginx.

$ cat kustomization.yaml
commonLabels:
  app: hello
resources:
- deployment.yaml
images:
  - name: nginx
    newName: harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests
    newTag: latest
configMapGenerator:
  - name: primary-file-vol2
    files:
      - Dockerfile
      - package.json
      - server.js
  - name: primary-file-vol3
    files:
      - package-lock.json
generatorOptions:
  disableNameSuffixHash: true

The other note is that when using Kustomizations, if you want to load more than one file, you need to specify them all in the resources. For instance:

$ cat kustomization.yaml
commonLabels:
  app: hello
resources:
- deployment.yaml
- service.yaml
- secrets.yaml
...etc

I struggled to get the DnD part of Kaniko to actually pull in the files. However, I found a slick cheat. I could use Github to pull them in (since this was a public repo). This saved me the hassle of having to setup working local copy commands

apiVersion: v1
data:
  Dockerfile: |
    FROM node:17.6.0 as base

    WORKDIR /code

    RUN git clone https://github.com/idjohnson/dockerWithTests2.git && cd dockerWithTests2 && git checkout kaniko && cp package.json .. && cp package-lock.json .. && cp server.js .. && cd ..
    ENV NODE_ENV=production
    RUN npm ci --production
    CMD [ "node", "server.js" ]

kind: ConfigMap
name: primary-file-vol2

When tested, Kaniko pulled the base docker image, cloned the repo (same as what I was building), then properly packaged and sent back up to Harbor.

$ kubectl logs kaniko -n test
INFO[0000] Resolved base name node:17.6.0 to base
INFO[0000] Retrieving image manifest node:17.6.0
INFO[0000] Retrieving image node:17.6.0 from registry index.docker.io
INFO[0001] Built cross stage deps: map[]
INFO[0001] Retrieving image manifest node:17.6.0
INFO[0001] Returning cached image manifest
INFO[0001] Executing 0 build triggers
INFO[0001] Unpacking rootfs as cmd RUN git clone https://github.com/idjohnson/dockerWithTests2.git && cd dockerWithTests2 && git checkout kaniko && cp package.json .. && cp package-lock.json .. && cp server.js .. && cd .. requires it.
INFO[0038] WORKDIR /code
INFO[0038] cmd: workdir
INFO[0038] Changed working directory to /code
INFO[0038] Creating directory /code
INFO[0038] Taking snapshot of files...
INFO[0038] RUN git clone https://github.com/idjohnson/dockerWithTests2.git && cd dockerWithTests2 && git checkout kaniko && cp package.json .. && cp package-lock.json .. && cp server.js .. && cd ..
INFO[0038] Taking snapshot of full filesystem...
INFO[0056] cmd: /bin/sh
INFO[0056] args: [-c git clone https://github.com/idjohnson/dockerWithTests2.git && cd dockerWithTests2 && git checkout kaniko && cp package.json .. && cp package-lock.json .. && cp server.js .. && cd ..]
INFO[0056] Running: [/bin/sh -c git clone https://github.com/idjohnson/dockerWithTests2.git && cd dockerWithTests2 && git checkout kaniko && cp package.json .. && cp package-lock.json .. && cp server.js .. && cd ..]
Cloning into 'dockerWithTests2'...
Switched to a new branch 'kaniko'
Branch 'kaniko' set up to track remote branch 'kaniko' from 'origin'.
INFO[0057] Taking snapshot of full filesystem...
INFO[0059] ENV NODE_ENV=production
INFO[0059] RUN npm ci --production
INFO[0059] cmd: /bin/sh
INFO[0059] args: [-c npm ci --production]
INFO[0059] Running: [/bin/sh -c npm ci --production]
npm WARN old lockfile
npm WARN old lockfile The package-lock.json file was created with an old version of npm,
npm WARN old lockfile so supplemental metadata must be fetched from the registry.
npm WARN old lockfile
npm WARN old lockfile This is a one-time fix-up, please be patient...
npm WARN old lockfile

added 231 packages, and audited 232 packages in 23s

27 packages are looking for funding
  run `npm fund` for details

3 high severity vulnerabilities

To address all issues, run:
  npm audit fix

Run `npm audit` for details.
npm notice
npm notice New minor version of npm available! 8.5.1 -> 8.13.1
npm notice Changelog: <https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/v8.13.1>
npm notice Run `npm install -g npm@8.13.1` to update!
npm notice
INFO[0082] Taking snapshot of full filesystem...
INFO[0091] CMD [ "node", "server.js" ]
INFO[0091] Pushing image to harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests
INFO[0171] Pushed harbor.freshbrewed.science/freshbrewedprivate/dockerwithtests@sha256:d4c50ce0d44fb1e3101c4ffb6cf067dc356a8b34b6ec9ac7ae00361ad8bb2658

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-21.png

And in ArgoCD

/content/images/2022/06/kaniko-22.png

Summary

We tackled some local cluster housekeeping and properly set up a fuse based NFS storage class to satisfy our PVCs. We also setup ArgoCD for GitOps from our DockerWithTests public repo and Sonarqube to gather test results.

We used an NFS volume claim and a series of methods to build the container. We paired Kaniko with ArgoCD to create a really solid turn-key GitOps solution.

Our next plans will be to tighten up the Dockerfile, add test coverage and handle any secrets.

Overall, I found Kaniko to be quite fast. However, it did fail on proper file copy commands requiring me to fall back to the git clone method.

kaniko sonarqube nfs kubernetes argocd

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Isaac Johnson

Isaac Johnson

Cloud Solutions Architect

Isaac is a CSA and DevOps engineer who focuses on cloud migrations and devops processes. He also is a dad to three wonderful daughters (hence the references to Princess King sprinkled throughout the blog).

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